Niyogin Fintech Ltd — Updates, 08-08-2025: Company Update
August 08, 2025
To
BSE Limited
Phiroze Jeejeebhoy Towers
Dalal Street, Fort
Mumbai -400001
BSE Scrip Code: 538772
Subject: Investor Presentation-O1FY26
Dear Sir/Ma'am,
Pursuant to Regulation 30 (6) of Securities and Exchange Board of India (Listing Obligations and Disclosure
Requirements) Regulations, 2015 (the "SEBI Listing Regulations") read with Part A of Schedule III of the
SEBI Listing Regulations, we are enclosing herewith the Investors' Presentation for Q1FY26
Pursuant to Regulation 46 (2) ( o) of the SEBI Listing Regulations, the aforesaid information is also being
made available on the website of the Company i.e. www.niyogin.com
MD&CEO
DIN:06572282
Encl: a/a
h Limited
Niyogin Fintech Limited
(CIN L65910TN1988PLC131102)
Regd. office: M.I.G 944, Ground Floor, TNHB Colony, 1st Main road, Velachery, Chennai, Tamil Nadu -600042.
Corporate office: Neelkanth Corporate IT Park, 311/312, 3rd Floor, Kirol Road, Vidyavihar (w), Mumbai -400086.
Chennai Tel: 044 47210437 I Mumbai Tel: 022 62514646 I Email: info@niyogin.inIWebsite:www.niyogin.com
----------------Page (0) Break----------------
Investor Presentation
Niyogin Fintech Limited
Q1FY26
----------------Page (1) Break----------------
Quarterly Report Card
2* Including off book exposure
**Gross Income, net of partner payouts, funding costs, and credit costs
Net Revenue**
AUM*320.3
Devices deployed
(#)
278.8
22.2
QoQ Change %Q4FY25 Q1FY26Parameters (Rs. Crores)
9%
15%
-8%
24.2
73.2K79.7K
208.5
11.2
YoY Change %Q1FY25
116%
54%
109%35K
2.30.5360%(6.6)NMEBITDA
-- -- --
- -
-- --
- -
-- -- --
- -
-- -- --
- -
-- -- --
- -
-- --
- -
-- -- --
- -
--
----------------Page (2) Break----------------
Financial Updates for Q1FY26
3
Achieved simultaneous profitability across both core businesses–iServeUand Niyoginare PBT positive together for the first time,
marking a key milestone driven by strategic execution and operational leverage.1
ContinuedRevenueUpswing–NetRevenueroseto24.2CroresinQ1FY26,reflectinga9%QoQgrowthfrom22.2CroresinQ4FY25,
anda116%YoYincreasefrom11.2CroresinQ1FY25.Thisrobustperformancewasdrivenbyscalingoperations,customerbase
expansion,andenhancedplatformefficiency.
2
Consolidated NFL
PerformanceAlignedwithAnnualGoals–BothcorebusinessesmetQ1guidance,drivingconfidenceinfull-yeargoals.Focusedcost
controlandefficiencyimprovementsareenhancingEBITDAandsupportingsustainableprofitability.3
EBITDA stood at 1.8 Croresin Q1FY26, reflecting continued positive momentumfollowing 2.0 Crores in Q4FY25, and marking a
significant turnaroundfrom an EBITDA loss of 4.3 Crores in Q1FY25.2
Net Revenue stood at ₹15.3 Crores in Q1 FY26, marking a 12% QoQincrease from ₹13.6 Crores in Q4 FY25 and a 168% YoYsurge from
₹5.7 Crores in Q1FY25.1
iServeU
Outstanding Order bookhas increased to ~585 Croreswith 31 contracts in Q1 FY26, up from ~₹400 Crores with 20 contracts in Q4 FY25.3
----------------Page (3) Break----------------
Financial Updates for Q1FY26
4
*Includingoff-bookexposure
AUM*grewby15%QoQandstoodat320.3CroresasofQ1FY26,upfrom278.8CroresinQ4FY25andup54%YoYfrom208.5Croresin
Q1FY25.1
Niyogin Standalone
DeliveredastrongturnaroundbyachievingapositivePBT(Ex-ESOP)of1.0CroreinQ1FY26,reversinglossesof1.2CroresinQ4FY25
and1.7CroresinQ1FY25.2
Initiatedfocusedcost-savingmeasuresandenhancedoperatingleverageinQ1,layingthefoundationforimprovedearnings.Thepositive
impactoftheseeffortsisexpectedtobecomevisiblefromQ2FY26onwards.3
Nearly50%ofloansarenowoperatingunderthedailyrepayment(EDI)model.4
----------------Page (4) Break----------------
Achievement of Q1
& Guidance for FY
26 (Q2 & FY)
,
----------------Page (5) Break----------------
Achievement in Q1 FY26
6
*Includingoffbookexposure
**Ex-ESOP
Parameters (Rs. Crores)Q1FY26 (Actuals)Q1FY26 (Guidance)
iServeU
Net Revenues15.313-15
EBITDA (%)12%12-15%
NBFC
AUM*320315-330
PBT**1.00.8-1
----------------Page (6) Break----------------
Strong Visibility of FY26 Guidance
7
*Includingoffbookexposure
**Ex-ESOP
Parameters (Rs. Crores)Q2FY26 (E)FY26 (E)FY25YoY Growth
iServeU
Net Revenues16-1870-8039.61.8x-2.0x
EBITDA (%)12-15%--
NBFC
AUM*340-350500-550278.81.8x-2.0x
PBT**1-1.24.5-5--
----------------Page (7) Break----------------
Quarterly Highlights-
iServeU
,
----------------Page (8) Break----------------
Executive Summary
9
Q1 FY26
2
Q1FY26 recorded a positive PBT of 0.4 Crores, compared to 0.9 Crores in Q4FY25 and a loss of 5.6 Crores in Q1FY25, marking a
strong YoY turnaround.3
1Net Revenue stood at ₹15.3 Crores in Q1FY26, marking a 12% QoQincrease from ₹13.6 Crores in Q4FY25 and a 168% YoYsurge from ₹5.7 Crores in Q1FY25.
EBITDA stood at 1.8 Croresin Q1FY26, reflecting continued positive momentumfollowing 2.0 Crores in Q4FY25, and marking a
significant turnaroundfrom an EBITDA loss of 4.3 Crores in Q1FY25.
----------------Page (9) Break----------------
Operational Updates-Program Management
10
Total partnerships as of Q1FY26 -1,222; New partners on-boarded in Q1FY26 -321
UPI business under program management started with partner bank. Expected to scale up in next few months3
Q1FY26 GTV(1)10,260 Crores, up 12% YoYfrom 9,199 Crores in Q1 FY25.2
1.GTV –Gross transaction value
----------------Page (10) Break----------------
Operational Updates-TSP/SaaS
11
Outstanding order book stands at ~Rs. 585 Crores with 31 contracts1
3
Key tenders applied & results awaited | POS –UCO bank, Kerala State co-operative bank | Soundbox –Saraswat co-operative bank |
Switching (IMPS & UPI) –Odisha Gramya bank4
Soundbox deployment stands at 268.5K units & 73.2K units deployed in Q1FY26
Key contracts won in Q1FY26
POS & Soundbox solution –Central bank of India
UPI & Soundbox solution –Bank of Maharashtra, SVC co-operative bank and Chhattisgarh Rajya Gramin bank
Issuance and Card management –RNFI
2
----------------Page (11) Break----------------
Q1FY26: Four straight quarters of positive EBITDA
12
Net revenueEBITDA
₹ 5.7 cr
₹ 10.1 cr
₹ 10.2 cr
₹ 13.6 cr
₹ 15.3 cr
-₹ 4.3 cr
₹ 1.5 cr
₹ 0.3 cr
₹ 2.0 cr₹ 1.8 cr
Q1 FY25Q2 FY25Q3 FY25Q4 FY25Q1 FY26
2.9 4.1 4.1
6.6 6.0 1.5
5.0 4.5
5.2 5.5
1.3
1.1 1.7
1.7 3.8
Q1 FY25Q2 FY25Q3 FY25Q4 FY25Q1 FY26
Program ManagementTSP/SaaS
Other operational income
-
----------------Page (12) Break----------------
13
TSP/SaaS outstanding order book
Business verticalProducts# of contractsContract value (Net)
Acquiring solutionPOS (1)2330
Acquiring solutionUPI & Soundbox12170
Acquiring solutionPG139
Financial inclusionAgency banking718
Acquiring solutionBBPS(2)217
Value added servicesSwitching, onboarding, etc.46
Issuance & Card managementPrepaid card22
Lending solutionLOS & LMS(3)11
Total31585
1.POS –Point of Sale; 2. BBPS –Bharat bill payment system, 3. LOS & LMS –Loan origination system and Loan management
system
All figures in Rs. Crores
----------------Page (13) Break----------------
Financials -Quarterly
Profit and Loss statement
(in Rs. Crores)Q1FY26Q4FY25QoQ (%)Q1FY25YoY(%)FY25
Gross revenue37.6 37.4 0.5%34.59%165.5
Net revenue15.3 13.6 12%5.7169.7%39.6
Program Management6.0 6.6 (10%)2.9105.5%17.7
TSP/SaaS5.5 5.2 5%1.5269.1%16.2
Other operational income3.8 1.7 119%1.3200.5%5.8
Expenses12.5 10.8 17%9.137.5%36.8
EBITDA1.8 2.0 (9%)(4.3)NM(0.6)
Reported pre tax Profit/(Loss)0.4 0.9 (59%)(5.6)NM(5.2)
Depreciation0.9 0.9 4%0.94.7%3.4
Finance cost1.4 1.1 37%1.313.7%4.7
14
----------------Page (14) Break----------------
15
Marquee partnerships
<bomit<P
Canara Bank
Cl IC Vakrangee
-qfk;(,/
~,
RNFI SERVICES PVT. LTD.
<3~~1 ~Ifill ~111'89
Odisha Gramya Bank
(A Govt. Of lndla Undc-rtaklng}
l'ili3ll!li~
Bank of Baroda
~3ifq;~
Bank of Maharashtra
'l!Tmffllffia;fiffl1!
~i/til,-,mg,~~ Central
Bank of India NSDL Payments Bank
[d
Emirates NBD
~lR~8.mlJTITTUT~ • ..
otak
. -' , RAJAS THAN MARUDHARA GRAMIN BANK II\,! ==== .. ..,•~=, Kotak Mahindra Bank
BANKIT
i
a'<l>$2 ~,.novopay TRANSACTION
~ANALYSTS j.,,._AXIS BANK
J•
hatP.at)~> , ,/,; Lulu ..
~~.,(-.J&K SponSOffdby,.'# .. J.K
,~ ?J .; Grameen Bank PAY MO n e
Engendering Empowerment ( A Government of India Undertaking) THANSC~1-.'P
,:o,wr I M<»,l(YTit,CiN~rp/(AAD$
St\ VV\ttddv,
Kendra
SURYODAY
A SANK OF SMILES.
slice
UCO BANK
----------------Page (15) Break----------------
Quarterly Highlights-
NFL
,
----------------Page (16) Break----------------
Executive Summary
17
Gross disbursements reached 160 Crores in Q1FY26 –the highest in our NBFC’s history, compared to 115 Crores in Q4FY25 and 78
Crores in Q1FY25, driven by operational scale-up.1
Q1FY26
LTD loans processedstood at 1,95,697in Q1FY26, up 21% QoQfrom 1,61,714in Q4FY25, reflecting continued scale-up in loan
origination.3
Net Interest Incomegrew to 9.3 Crores in Q1FY26, up 11% QoQfrom 8.4 Crores in Q4FY25 on the back of strong disbursals, and up
~20% YoYfrom 7.8 Crores in Q1FY25.2
----------------Page (17) Break----------------
Portfolio Quality and Mix
18
5.7
5.2
3.3
2.32.2
1.7
Q4FY24Q1FY25Q2FY25Q3FY25Q4FY25Q1FY26
Portfolio Mix
9%
91%
Portfolio Mix
Partnership and Alliances
●Collateral: FLDG from
partner
●Cashflow: Banking &
liquid income assessment
●NNPA: 0.6%
●Customer Turnover:
<Rs. 1 Cr.
●Average ticket size : Rs.
0.01 Cr
●Tenor:12M
Finance Professionals Channel and
Legacy Portfolio
*NNPA% have been calculated net of 100% FLDG backed exposure
Asset quality improved sharply as portfolio mix moved in favour of Partnership and
Alliances
Asset Quality*
%NNPA
----------------Page (18) Break----------------
Embedded Lending & Co-lending: Q1FY26 Momentum
19
Inflection Point Achieved : Embedded lending stack delivers strong outcomes in Q1FY26
ParameterQ1FY26Q4FY25QoQ%
LTD loans processed1,95,6971,61,71421%
Total API Hits~40 lakhs~30 lakhs33%
Partnerships-First Approach : APIs + co-created
credit products drive market impact
Scalable Co-lending Model : A sustainable moat
for distribution and credit deployment
----------------Page (19) Break----------------
Q1FY26: Loan Book
20
53
78 97
113
152
156
158 145
166
168
25%
33%
40%41%
48%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
-
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Q1FY 25Q2FY 25Q3FY 25Q4FY 25Q1FY 26
AUM* (in crores)
EDIOthers% EDI
320
236
209
279
242
48% of the Loan Book falls under EDI (Equated Daily Installments category)
*Includingoffbookexposure
--
----------------Page (20) Break----------------
Merchant EDI Loans: Growth Driver
21
Strong Product Market Fit : Equated instalments
(EDI) driving rapid growth as a single largest enabler
1
Embedded in Key Platforms : Khatabook, Meesho,
Ninjacart, and others
2Scalable High-Frequency Segments : Low
delinquency, small-ticket size, Cashflowbacked
Key Success Factors : Modular APIs, tailored
policies, cash flow-linked repayment
3
4
EDI
Flywheel
EDI-Equal Daily Installments
More customers
Accelerated
customer acquisition
Largier data-sets
and trained models
Stronger models
for underwr"ting
----------------Page (21) Break----------------
Financials –Quarterly
22
Std. Profit & Loss Statement
(in Rs. Crores)Q1FY26Q4FY25QoQ (%)Q1FY25YoY (%)FY25
Gross Income ^25.6 23.4 10%16.1 59%76.7
Commission Sharing(13.6)(12.8)7%(6.9)96%(37.9)
Interest Expenses(2.6)(2.2)20%(1.4)95%(8.0)
Net Interest Income9.3 8.4 11%7.8 20%30.8
Employee Cost (Ex ESOP)(4.9)(4.8)3%(5.1)(3%)(19.3)
Other Cost(1.9)(3.1)(37%)(2.4)(19%)(10.3)
Pre Provisioning Op. Profit2.5 0.5 395%0.3 731%1.1
Credit Cost^(1.5)(1.8)(16%)(2.0)(25%)(7.8)
PBT (Ex ESOP)1.0(1.2) NM(1.7)NM(6.7)
ESOP cost(0.4)(1.1)(65%)(0.7)(48%)(3.1)
PBT 0.6(2.3)NM(2.5)NM(9.8)
Std. Balance Sheet Excerpt (Rs Cr)Jun’25Mar’25QoQ (%)
AUM320.3*278.8*15%
Borrowings73.889.1(17%)
*Includingoffbookexposure
*AdjustedforFLDGinvoked
----------------Page (22) Break----------------
23
Marquee Partnerships
Lending Program Partners
Distribution Partners
I
KhataBook Capital Trust KARMALIFE ' ninjacart RapiPay@
0 Ea!,~~~"~.!.! ro111or
:,F I N A N C E
jU., Piramal
Finance ,.
9 l&T Finance
ADITYABIRLA
r-.,
L::J
digit Ill ~BAJAJ
~FINSERV
FINANCE j:j,j#fl:f-iM
lnvestdirect
TATA CAPITAL
----------------Page (23) Break----------------
Participation in various events
24
----------------Page (24) Break----------------
Annexures
,
----------------Page (25) Break----------------
Consolidated Financials
26
Consolidated
(in Rs. Crores)Q1FY26Q4FY25QoQ (%)Q1FY25YoY(%)FY25
Gross Income85.071.120%50.867%307.4
Net Revenue**24.2 22.2 9%11.2 116%67.4
EBITDA2.3 0.5 360%(6.6) NM(8.6)
PBT(0.7)(3.1)77%(9.9)93%(22.3)
ESOP0.4 1.2 (67%)0.7 (43%)3.2
PBT (Ex-ESOP)(0.3)(2.0)85%(9.1)97%(19.0)
**Gross Income, net of partner payouts, funding costs, and credit costs
----------------Page (26) Break----------------
Shareholding Pattern
27Note: As of June 30, 2025,
Promoters (37.7%)
Institutional
Investors
(21.2%)
Others
(41.1%)
Shareholding Pattern
Top Institutions
Think India Opportunities Master Fund
Strategic India Equity Fund
Vikasa India EIF I Fund
AioniosAlpha Fund
Ashika Global Finance Pvt Ltd
Cohesion MK Best Ideas
----------------Page (27) Break----------------
Annexures
Niyogin Finserv Ltd
I niyogin
!
iServeu®
Powering ambitions. Powering growth. I I ---------------------,---------------------
1 I .
, moneyfront
j
rnvoG1n(€w
' -------------------------------------------
----------------Page (28) Break----------------
Board of Directors
29
Samir Mohan Pandiri
INDEPENDENT DIRECTOR
Ex-President –BNY Mellon, Apex, Broadridge
International
Amit Rajpal
NON-EXECUTIVE CHAIRMAN,
CO-FOUNDER
Managing Partner –Marshall Wace;
Ex-Morgan Stanley
Gaurav Patankar
NON-EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR,
CO-FOUNDER
Managing Partner, Mission1 Investments,
Ex-BNY Mellon, Bloomberg
Tashwinder Singh
MD & CEO, NFL
Ex-Citigroup, KKR
Kapil Kapoor
INDEPENDENT DIRECTOR
Chairman-InfoEdge India;
Ex-Nestlé; ex-Global COO, Timex
Katarina Racek
INDEPENDENT DIRECTOR
Global Head of Investor
Relations -Institutional Investor (II)
Sudip Thakor
INDEPENDENT DIRECTOR
Ex MD -Credit Suisse; Ex-Managing
Partner –Pumori Capital
Nitin Jaiswal
INDEPENDENT DIRECTOR
Ex-Bloomberg
----------------Page (29) Break----------------
Management
30
Tashwinder Singh
MANAGING DIRECTOR &
CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER
Ex-Citigroup, KKR
Abhishek Thakkar
PRESIDENT & CHIEF
FINANCIAL OFFICER
Ex-Avendus Capital, Aegis
Logistics, Deloitte
Debiprasad Sarangi
CHIEF EXECUTIVE
OFFICER, iServeU
Ex-iCash Card
Mohit Gang
CHIEF EXECUTIVE
OFFICER, MoneyFront
Ex-HSBC, Citi
Hitesh Jain
CHIEF RISK OFFICER
Ex-Kotak Mahindra Bank,
Jana Small Finance Bank,
EnKash
Sanket Shendure
PRESIDENT & CHIEF
PRODUCT & GROWTH
OFFICER
Ex-Minko Founder
Neha Daruka
COMPLIANCE OFFICER
Ex-Essel Infraprojects
Aakash Sethi
DEPUTY CHIEF EXECUTIVE
OFFICER
Ex-Fincent Software
Services
----------------Page (30) Break----------------
Investment Rationale –iServeU
31High and profitable growth opportunity
Visible profitable Growth
Opportunity
•Order book ~Rs. 585 Crores, strong
consisting of leading banks &
financial institutions
•Company on path for sustained
profits
•Serving major clients like Canara
Bank, Bank of Baroda, Central Bank
of India, Bank of Maharashtra, etc.
•Gaining leadership position as TSP
for UPI & soundbox solution
Strong Corporate Governance
•High quality Board and
Governance standards being a
subsidiary of a listed company
Comprehensive Full stack platform
•Full stack of financial services with
in-house developed capabilities like
acquiring, agency banking,
issuance, switching, etc.
•New age Tech stack , Eliminates
legacy system limitations, vendor
dependencies, and drives digital
transformation
•Modern, scalable, and compliant
platform with strong growthpotential
•Significant opportunities to attract
new clients and cross-sell through
newly launched products, including
soundbox solutions, card
managementandBuy now pay later.
Offers an attractive return for
investors
•Strong visibility of FY26 revenue
growth of ~2x with 12-15% EBITDA
•Potential to expand business to
international markets further
expanding margins
•Expected to be listed in the BSE
once the Scheme of Demerger is
approved by the regulators
----------------Page (31) Break----------------
Investment Rationale -NBFC
32
Well Capitalized. Steadily moving towards Profitability
Consumer
Platforms’ focus on
monetizing their
ecosystem
Well capitalized and progressing towards profitability
Publicly Listed |
Strong Governance |
Robust Investor
support
•BSE Listed
•Received a BBB-
rating from CRISIL
•Well aligned
interests of
management &
stakeholders via
ESOPs.
•High pedigree
institutional
shareholders
support
•Platforms
positioning
themselves as
enablers of
financial inclusion
•Monetization
easier for B2B
platforms than B2C
models
•Embedded finance
–especially
lending emerging
as key product
Unique business
model
•Partner platforms
bear cost of
acquisition and
collection
•Only cost
associated with
underwriting on
NFL’s book
•High operating
leverage model
with minimal opex
and risk
participation from
partners
Curated tech-centric
lending programs
•Direct API based
lending
•Developer friendly
APIs for seamless
integrations
•Lending programs
customized for
needs of partner
platform’s user
base
Underwriting first
approach to partner
platform selection
•Stringent partner
selection criteria
•Partner platform
participation in risk
•High frequency
feedback loop from
partner platforms
enable quicker
warning signals
----------------Page (32) Break----------------
CorporateStructure
33
Distribution
60%100%51%
Lending
Merchant
AcquiringIssuance
Financial
Inclusion
Lending
Solution
Document
extraction &
enhancement
solutions
NACH
Automation
KYC
solutions
Offline
Agent App
Finance
Professional
Channel
Fintech
Channel
Co-lending
NiyoBlu
Merchant
Management
Solutions –
Online and
Offline
Terminal
Management
, Soundbox
all in one
UPI & Bharat
Bill Payment
System
Card
management
system -Debit
cards, credit
cards, prepaid
cards, Forex
cards
Access control
server
Credit card on
UPI
Agency
Banking
Mobile
Money
Includes
basic
banking
products
such as
ATMs,
AEPS,
account
opening, etc.
Account
Loan Origination
System
Loan
Management
system
Buy Now, Pay
Later
Credit Line on
UPI
Aadhar
masking
Facial
matching
Signature
matching
Business Segment% Stake in the companyNote:SubsidiariesProducts
Niyogin Finserv Ltd
New Subsidiary
100%
l
I I •
I I
I I •
•
D
iServeu®
-I I •
I I •
i-
moneyfront i
1
I I
L-----------'
•
I"'"-, I LJ
----------------Page (33) Break----------------
Our Journey
34
•Acquired 50.01% in
Moneyfront, a digital
platform, adding Wealth
Techto its product stack
iSU•
200+ no of partners
•Touched Rs ~15k Cr.
GTV
•Revenues crossed Rs 100 Cr.
iSU
•100+no of partners
•Key wins –India Post
Payments Bank, PSU Bank
(first PSU as client)
•M-ATM Switch went Live with
NPCI in ASP model.
•Monthly GTV crossed the Rs 1k
Cr. mark in September
•Initiated business with the
Creditsegment offering
small ticket unsecured
business loans (UBL)
•Focus on market access
through CA network
•Acquired 51.00% in
iServeU, a Rs 3,900 Cr
GTV platform
•SaaS based B2B
product went live under
Wealth Tech
•Acquired M3 Global
Finance, a BSE listed
NBFC4, and renamed
NiyoginFintech Ltd
•Raised capital of
Rs 235 Cr from institutional
investors
2017
2019
2018
2020
2021
2022
2023
•Received a BBB-/Stable
rating from CRISIL•
Raised Rs 80 Cr through
convertible warrants
2024
•Incorporation of 100%
subsidiary ‘Niyogin AI Private
Limited’•
Acquisition of ‘SuperScan’
toolkit•
iSU signs strategic MoU with
Pax Technology for procuring
devices & collaborated R&D•
Composite Scheme of
arrangement & amalgamation
approved by Board•
Credit rating re-affirmed at
BBB-•
Successfully raised Rs. 56.2
Crore from warrant conversion
•Announced the 3-year Hyper growth plan
iSU
•Went live with NPCI for IMPS (Remitter &
Beneficiary) and BBPS (COU)
•Expanded product use cases -POS
•Key wins –NSDL Payments Bank
2025
Note: All years are Financial Years
(,-~
---------
----------------Page (34) Break----------------
